Wenquan Dong

Accurate mapping of aboveground biomass (AGB) in mountainous forests is essential for carbon stock assessment and ecological management, yet remains challenging due to the difficulty of linking local high-precision observations with regionally continuous coverage. To address this issue, we developed a hierarchical framework integrating local reference construction, UAV–GEDI bridging, footprint-level modeling, and regional continuous mapping, applied to the mountainous forests of Simao District, Pu’er City, Yunnan Province, China. Field plot measurements and UAV-borne LiDAR data were first used to construct a local AGB reference product, which was then transferred to the GEDI footprint scale through geolocation correction and footprint-scale quality control, yielding 252 valid bridging samples across three UAV flight zones, with approximately 65% originating from the TYH zone. Among five candidate models evaluated for GEDI footprint-level AGB estimation, the Stacking ensemble model performed best, with a pooled out-of-fold R² of 0.736 and RMSE of 24.15 Mg ha⁻¹, and was subsequently applied to 89,579 GEDI footprints across the study area. For regional continuous mapping, the empirical Bayesian kriging regression prediction (EBKRP) scheme combining Landsat TCW, Sentinel-2 IRECI, and the Sentinel-1 polarization ratio achieved the best external validation performance, with R² of 0.622 and RMSE of 26.05 Mg ha⁻¹ based on 61 independent field plots. These results indicate that the proposed hierarchical framework effectively bridges local high-precision observations and regional continuous AGB mapping in complex mountainous forest environments, offering a systematic methodological reference for GEDI-based forest carbon monitoring.