Ulf Helldén
Professor emeritus
Desertification and global climate change – Little Ice Age desertification in Iceland?
Författare
Summary, in English
1. INTRODUCTION
Geographers at the University of Lund have been active in research on desertification/ land degradation and environmental change monitoring of African drylands since the mid 1970’ies and of Asian drylands since the beginning of the 1990’ies. The results obtained so far do not confirm the concept of desertification as a mainly man made phenomena but indicate that the importance of climate variability and change has been underestimated (Helldén 1991). To learn about the importance of climatic fluctuations versus human impact on land degradation in arctic and sub-arctic environments, Iceland was selected for further studies.
Iceland is not an arid, semi-arid or dry sub-humid region. Therefore the land degradation it is suffering cannot be called "desertification" in the strict sense as defined by the UN. On the other hand there is no doubt that land degradation has led to the creation of extensive desert like conditions in many areas of Iceland. In this sense, “desertification” is an Icelandic reality indicating the introduction and spread of desert like conditions in landscapes where there should not be any.
2. RESULTS
There are few areas in Europe that have suffered such a severe and extensive land degradation as Iceland, leading to the creation of long lasting desert like conditions. It is estimated that when Iceland was settled, in 874 , at least 60% of the country was vegetated and that forests covered 15-25% of the country’s area (Bergþórsson 1998, Þórarinsson 1961, Einarsson 1963, Þorsteinsson 1973). The vegetative cover is now about 27%. There is almost no forest (The Agricultural Ministry 1986, IGI/LMÍ 1993, Arnalds et al.1997).
The scientific and political societies in Iceland often relate the land degradation problems to human over use of the rangelands, starting with the introduction of cattle and sheep rasing at the time of the settlement 874 AD. They consider overgrazing and overuse of the woodlands for fuelwood and charcoal production to be the most important processes opening and exposing the landscape for soil erosion with growing desert patches and deserts as a consequence.
Most farmers, on the other hand, seem to believe that the desert patches and deserts are natural phenomena. The initiation and expansion of the phenomena is supposed to be related to climatic events possibly enhanced by the traditional winter grazing habit, no longer practiced.
Our observations and preliminary results indicate that the importance of climate may have been underestimated as a possible and important cause of land degradation and desertification in Iceland. Cold and dry periods have probably favoured the development and expansion of desert patches and deserts. The Little Ice Age, especially during the second half of the last century, seems to have offered favourable conditions for frost processing and events of severe wind erosion. The second half of the last century is also characterized by an outstanding high population pressure and most likely a correspondingly high grazing pressure in the study area.
Time series photos of erosion remnants development during a covering a 32 years period indicate that the erosion processes creating deserts may be supprisingly slow.
Geographers at the University of Lund have been active in research on desertification/ land degradation and environmental change monitoring of African drylands since the mid 1970’ies and of Asian drylands since the beginning of the 1990’ies. The results obtained so far do not confirm the concept of desertification as a mainly man made phenomena but indicate that the importance of climate variability and change has been underestimated (Helldén 1991). To learn about the importance of climatic fluctuations versus human impact on land degradation in arctic and sub-arctic environments, Iceland was selected for further studies.
Iceland is not an arid, semi-arid or dry sub-humid region. Therefore the land degradation it is suffering cannot be called "desertification" in the strict sense as defined by the UN. On the other hand there is no doubt that land degradation has led to the creation of extensive desert like conditions in many areas of Iceland. In this sense, “desertification” is an Icelandic reality indicating the introduction and spread of desert like conditions in landscapes where there should not be any.
2. RESULTS
There are few areas in Europe that have suffered such a severe and extensive land degradation as Iceland, leading to the creation of long lasting desert like conditions. It is estimated that when Iceland was settled, in 874 , at least 60% of the country was vegetated and that forests covered 15-25% of the country’s area (Bergþórsson 1998, Þórarinsson 1961, Einarsson 1963, Þorsteinsson 1973). The vegetative cover is now about 27%. There is almost no forest (The Agricultural Ministry 1986, IGI/LMÍ 1993, Arnalds et al.1997).
The scientific and political societies in Iceland often relate the land degradation problems to human over use of the rangelands, starting with the introduction of cattle and sheep rasing at the time of the settlement 874 AD. They consider overgrazing and overuse of the woodlands for fuelwood and charcoal production to be the most important processes opening and exposing the landscape for soil erosion with growing desert patches and deserts as a consequence.
Most farmers, on the other hand, seem to believe that the desert patches and deserts are natural phenomena. The initiation and expansion of the phenomena is supposed to be related to climatic events possibly enhanced by the traditional winter grazing habit, no longer practiced.
Our observations and preliminary results indicate that the importance of climate may have been underestimated as a possible and important cause of land degradation and desertification in Iceland. Cold and dry periods have probably favoured the development and expansion of desert patches and deserts. The Little Ice Age, especially during the second half of the last century, seems to have offered favourable conditions for frost processing and events of severe wind erosion. The second half of the last century is also characterized by an outstanding high population pressure and most likely a correspondingly high grazing pressure in the study area.
Time series photos of erosion remnants development during a covering a 32 years period indicate that the erosion processes creating deserts may be supprisingly slow.
Avdelning/ar
- Institutionen för naturgeografi och ekosystemvetenskap
Publiceringsår
1999
Språk
Engelska
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Land Degradation
Fulltext
Dokumenttyp
Konferensbidrag
Förlag
International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS)
Ämne
- Physical Geography
Nyckelord
- Land degradation
- climate change
- soil erosion
- desertification
Conference name
2nd International Conference on Land Degradation; International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS)
Conference date
1999-01-25 - 1999-01-29
Conference place
The Charoen Thani Princess Hotel, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Status
Published